This annotated bibliography focuses on academic discourse in the past decade as a context leading to the current mass internment of Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and other Turkic peoples in Xinjiang.
This annotated list aims to show the development of academic justifications generated by Chinese scholars. As part of the goal of this documentation project, we also host the original Chinese articles on this site to prevent “link rot” and make them available for the future.
This list and will be updated regularly and is currently divided into three overarching themes: 1) 民族 Minzu (Ethnicity/Nationality) 2) 稳定 Stability and 3) 发展 Development.
I. 民族 MinzuKeywords: 民族工作 minzu work, 民族融合 ethnic integration, 第二代民族政策 the 2nd generation minzu policy, 去政治化 depoliticization, 国语教育 ‘national language’ education 2011Hu Lianhe and Hu An’gang, “How the Nationalities Question is Handled Outside of China” 胡联合 胡鞍钢: “国外是如何处理民族问题的,” Summary: Chinese state intellectuals Hu Angang and Hu Lianhe use examples of US, Brazil, and India to illustrate the importance of a “melting pot” ethnic policy. They argue these developed, large-population states implemented integration through homogenized identity and citizenship, language, and legal policies. These policies have maintained stability and integrity of these nation-states. Chinese original: http://www.aisixiang.com/data/46493.html , online edition published 2011-11-14. English translation: https://www.readingthechinadream.com/hu-and-hu-nationalities-question.html UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22359 |
2012Liu Ling. A Summary of China’s Association of Anthropological and Ethnological Science Seminar. “Adhere to the Basic Political System and Solve Minzu Issue in Development” 刘玲: 中国民族理论学会座谈会纪要 “坚持基本政治制度 在发展中解决民族问题” Summary: This article published by China’s Association of Anthropological and Ethnological Science discusses the “ills (诟病)” of the American melting pot ethnic model and its in-applicability to China. It proposes that the “correct choice” in solving the ethnic question is through the basic and current political system. Chinese original: http://www.cuaes.org/content-EA0200-2012031609383390681.htm English abstract & UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22387
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2013Ma Rong. “Further Discussion on Our Nation’s Minzu Issue: Second Generation Minzu Policy.” 马戎:关于当前我国民族问题的进一步讨论——也谈“第二代民族政策” Summary: This article cautions against “Han Chauvinism” in the pursuit of “ethnic unity” in China. It touches on how diversity is an admirable goal that should be managed insofar that it does not lead to the “anti-culture” found in “Black communities in the US.” Chinese original: http://www.aisixiang.com/data/62442.html English Abstract & UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22391
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2018Hao Shiyuan. “All Ethnic Groups Embrace Together Like the Pomegranate Seeds” 郝时远:各民族像石榴籽一样紧紧抱在一起 Summary: This article uses the metaphor of a pomegranate to argue for ethnic unity and integration. It acknowledges that diversity in culture and customs exist within China, the overarching framework of national unity and “Zhonghua” unity is the guiding principle. Chinese original: http://news.cri.cn/20180303/cc3725fe-2a66-1859-9c9e-de0090849943.html UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22412
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II. 稳定 StabilityKeywords: 维稳 maintain stability, 反恐怖主义 counterterrorism, 去极端化 deradicalization, 社区网格化管理 community grid style management, 境外势力foreign forces 2011Song Hongbing and Zhang Kun. “Inquiry into Migrant Population Management in the Context of Counterterrorism.” 宋红彬,张昆: “反恐背景下新疆流动人口服务与管理初探.”《新疆大学学报》(哲学.人文社会科学版),第39卷第3期,2011年5月。 Summary: This article targets the migrant population as the perpetrators of “terrorist attack” and proposes stricter surveillance. Similar articles also see Xu Ping and Yu Long. “Social Exclusion and Integration of Uyghur Migrant Population in Urumchi.” Chinese original: DOI:10.13568/j.cnki.issn1000-2820.2011.03.025 /https://www.ixueshu.com/document English abstract: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22371 UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22371 |
2012Zhu Weiqun, “Thoughts on Current Issues of Ethnic Minority Regions.” 朱维群:对当前民族领域问题的几点思考. 《学习时报》北京市:北京市海淀区大有庄100号中央党校内100091,中央级http://www.cntheory.com/2012-02-13 版号:001 Summary: This article discusses the “hostile Western forces” that are opposed to a unified, powerful China and how these forces will exploit the ethnic and religious divisions within to subvert China. It touches on the “contradictions” within the notion of ethnicity and religion in China as a result of the profound social changes since the 1990s. Chinese original: http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename / http://www.hswh.org.cn/wzzx/llyd/aq/ English abstract & UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22379 |
2015Shu Hongshui, “A Study on Anti-Terrorism Laws in the Xinjiang Region.” 舒洪水:我国新疆地区恐怖主义犯罪的刑事法规制研究 Summary: This article discusses the legal channels and reforms through which China should combat terrorism in the Xinjiang region. In particular, ti discusses new legal tools that should applied against the backdrop of increasing international pressure on China. It advocates for any measures that are effective while keeping western interference low. Chinese original: http://xbxsf.nwupl.cn/Item/22926.aspx / http://www.criminallaw.com.cn/article/default.asp?id=16129 UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22401
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2015Jia Yu, “The Current Anti-Terror Criminal Measures in Xinjiang.” 贾宇:中国新疆暴恐犯罪的现状与对策 Summary: Jia Yu, President of the Northwest University of Politics and Law, argues that Xinjiang’s strategic, geopolitical importance means that China has to act tough on “anti-terrorism” and “religious extremism.” Further, policies that promote “interaction between the mainland the Xinjiang,” “economic development,” and “cultural education” should be in place to counter terrorism and religious extremism. Chinese original: https://www.nwupl.edu.cn/news/hsbd/kxcg/65071.htm / http://www.wyzxwk.com/Article/shidai/201 English abstract & UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22670 |
2015Shu HongShui and Gou Zhen, “Regarding and Perfecting the Boundaries of Criminal Punishment on Religious Extremist Activities— A Comparison between the ‘Anti-Terror Law (Draft)’ and ‘The Criminal Law Amendment (No.9).'” 舒洪水和苟震 : 论宗教极端行为刑罚界限的完善——以《反恐法》(草案)与《刑法修正案(九)》的比较为视角 Summary: Shu HongShui and Gou Zhen, both from the Northwest University of Politics and Law, argues for legal reforms to criminalize religious extremism. Particularly, in the context of Xinjiang, they link religious extremism with Islam and the East Turkestan independence movement. Their legal analyse focus on the criminality of religious extremism and the boundaries of criminal laws so that the possession of “religious extremist material” could be criminalized in these reforms. Chinese original: http://global.cnki.net.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/KCMS/ / http://www.cqvip.com/qk/82701a/201506/ English abstract & UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22695 |
2016Xu Jianying, “Review in History and Current Situation of ‘East Turkistan’ Issue.” 许建英:东突”问题的历史与现状述论 Summary: Xu writes about the historical development of the East Turkistan independence movement. Chinese original: http://global.cnki.net.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca / https://www.1xuezhe.exuezhe.com/Qk/art English abstract & UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22811 |
2017Chen Mengyuan, “Construction on the Optimization of Grid-based Management System in Xinjiang.” 陈梦媛: 新疆网格化治理体系的优化研究 Summary: Chen’s article discusses the technological and “management systems” that could optimize government control in Xinjiang to ensure “stability and development.” The article discusses the “need” for such systems to exist, their current deployment in Xinjiang, and further policy improvements. Chinese original: http://global.cnki.net.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CMFD&dbnam English & Chinese abstracts: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22702 |
2017Shu HongShui and Mao ZhengDong, “Cooperation in Anti-Terrorism with Neighboring Countries— Using the Shanghai Cooperative Team’s Perspective.” 舒洪水和毛振东: 我国与周边国家反恐司法合作机制研究——以上海合作组织为视角 Summary: Shu HongShui and Mao ZhengDong from the Northwest University of Politics and Law argue that China should cooperate with neighboring countries on “anti-terror” measures. Particularly, new agreements with countries such as Russia against the “Three Forces (See Glossary) should be developed based on the existing Shanghai model. Chinese original: http://global.cnki.net.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca// https://cati.nwupl.edu.cn/kdcg/hslw/1026.htm English abstract and UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22708 |
2018Pan Zhiping. “Correctly Understand ‘National Self-Determination’ and ‘High Degree of Autonomy.’” 潘志平: 正确认识“民族自决”与“高度自治”论 Summary: This article discusses the issues of “ethnic self-determination” and “high degree of autonomy” in relations to Chinese ethnic minorities. It argues that ethnic self-determination will lead to ethnic divisions and the “divisive” call of autonomy in Xinjiang will lead to breaking up of the Chinese nation. Chinese original: http://www.qstheory.cn/llqikan/2018-01/21/c_1122290584.htm / http://www.qstheory.cn/llqikan/2018-01/21/c_1122290584.htm English abstract & UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22405
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2018Ma Dazheng, “Probe into Struggle of De-extremalization in Xinjiang.” 马大正: 新疆“去极端化”斗争探究 Summary: Ma Dazheng, Vice President of China’s Borderland and Geography Studies, writes about eradicating extremism, the ideological war against separatism, and developing policies against radicalization. Particularly, he writes about the nature of religious extremism, the failure of the education system to prevent radicalization, and the policies in place to combat the “three forces.” Chinese original: http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTot / https://cati.nwupl.edu.cn/kdcg/hslw/1290.htm English abstract & UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22676 |
2018Shu Hongshui, “On the Necessity and Systematic Construction of Life Imprisonment: From the Perspective of Terrorism, Extremism Criminal Prevention.” 舒洪水:论终身监禁的必要性和体系化构建—以恐怖主义、极端主义犯罪防控为视角 Summary: This article discusses the background of anti-death penalty movement in China and how the appropriate sentence for terrorism and “extremism” should be life imprisonment. It discusses the legal reforms that the Chinese government should undertake and how to operationalize the overall anti-terror framework to best bring about effective changes. Chinese original: http://law.china-aseanlawinfo.org/qikan/1510188075.html English abstract & UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22417 |
III. 发展Development Keywords: 扶贫 Poverty alleviation, 一带一路 Belt and Road Initiative, 就业 employment, 援疆 Xinjiang Aid 2014Xing Guangcheng, “On China’s New Silk Road Strategy:A New Linking Model of Deep Interactions between China and the World.” 邢广程:理解中国现代丝绸之路战略——中国与世界深度互动的新型链接范式 Summary: Xing’s article focuses on the revival of the ancient Silk Road in China’s development strategy and how it overlaps with geopolitcal issues in Xinjiang, the South China Sea, and other sensitive areas. Chinese original: http://global.cnki.net.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca// http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/ English abstract & UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/ |
2015Xu Jianying, “Xinjiang’s Position and Core-Zone Construction in Perspective of“Silk-Road Economic Belt.” 许建英:”丝绸之路经济带”视野下新疆定位与核心区建设 Summary: Xu explores the ideological core of the Silk-Road Economic Belt and the guiding principles of “community of interest” and “community of destiny” in particular. Further, Xinjiang’s position and the necessary condition of stability and continued development are discussed. Chinese original: http://global.cnki.net.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/KCMS/d / https://www.sohu.com/a/288620753_523177 English abstract & UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/ |
2016Feng Jianyong “New Vision for China’s Borderland Study of“One Belt and One Road.” 冯建勇:”一带一路”的中国边疆研究新视角 Summary: Feng focuses on the re-conceptualization of the center in the Middle Kingdom in light of the Belt and Road Initiative where Xinjiang’s peripheral status is re-situated as the center under the new development paradigm. Chinese original: http://global.cnki.net.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ http://www.aisixiang.com/data/103979.html English abstract & UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22715 |
2018Yi Jianping, “A Study on Man-land Relations and Development Strategies of Ethnic Minorities in Xinjiang.” 易建平:人地关系与新疆少数民族发展战略选择研究 Summary: Yi’s article focuses on using economic development to better integrate Xinjiang as part of China. It has several policy recommendations in the areas of education, economics, and language to further this goal. Chinese original: http://global.cnki.net.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx? / https://wemp.app/posts/d55cebb2-741c-4d02-9f56-137f79b575ba English abstract & UBC permalink of the original article: https://xinjiangdocumentation.sites.olt.ubc.ca/?p=22715 |